<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD BITS Book Interchange DTD v2.3 20210610//EN" "BITS-book2.3.dtd"> <book xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" book-type="conference-proceedings" dtd-version="2.3" xml:lang="ru"> <front> <book-meta>  <book-id book-id-type="isbn">978-5-6044117-3-5</book-id>   <book-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21661/a-679</book-id>   <title-group>  <book-title xml:lang="ru">Новое слово в науке: стратегии развития</book-title>   <trans-title-group xml:lang="en"> <trans-title>A breakthrough in science: development strategies</trans-title> </trans-title-group>  </title-group>  <description xml:lang="ru"> <p>В сборнике представлены материалы участников XII Международной научно–практической конференции, отражающие содержание актуальных исследований в различных областях научного знания. Приведены результаты теоретических и прикладных изысканий представителей научного и образовательного сообщества в данной области. 
Предназначен для широкого круга читателей.</p> </description>   <contrib-group>  <contrib contrib-type="editor" id="editor1">  <contrib-id contrib-id-type="role">chief_editor</contrib-id>    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Широков</surname> <given-names>Олег Николаевич</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Shirokov</surname> <given-names>Oleg Nikolaevich</given-names> </name>  </name-alternatives>   <email xlink:type="simple">425954@rambler.ru</email> </contrib>  <contrib contrib-type="editor" id="editor2">    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Абрамова</surname> <given-names>Людмила Алексеевна</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Abramova</surname> <given-names>Lyudmila Alexeevna</given-names> </name>  </name-alternatives>   <email xlink:type="simple">labramova@interactive-plus.ru</email> </contrib>  <contrib contrib-type="editor" id="editor3">  <contrib-id contrib-id-type="role">executive_editor</contrib-id>    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Яковлева</surname> <given-names>Татьяна Валериановна</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Yakovleva</surname> <given-names>Tatyana Valerianovna</given-names> </name>  </name-alternatives>   <email xlink:type="simple">info@interactive-plus.ru</email> </contrib>  <contrib contrib-type="editor" id="editor4">  <contrib-id contrib-id-type="role">associate_editor</contrib-id>    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Кулагина</surname> <given-names>Татьяна Юрьевна</given-names> </name>   </name-alternatives>    </contrib>  </contrib-group>   <contrib-group>  <contrib contrib-type="member-of-organizing-committee" id="orgcomm1">    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Широков</surname> <given-names>Олег Николаевич</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Shirokov</surname> <given-names>Oleg Nikolaevich</given-names> </name>  </name-alternatives>   </contrib>  <contrib contrib-type="member-of-organizing-committee" id="orgcomm2">    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Абрамова</surname> <given-names>Людмила Алексеевна</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Abramova</surname> <given-names>Lyudmila Alexeevna</given-names> </name>  </name-alternatives>   </contrib>  <contrib contrib-type="member-of-organizing-committee" id="orgcomm3">    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Бекназаров</surname> <given-names>Рахым Агибаевич</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Beknazarov</surname> <given-names>Rahym Agibaevich</given-names> </name>  </name-alternatives>   </contrib>  <contrib contrib-type="member-of-organizing-committee" id="orgcomm4">    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Дадян</surname> <given-names>Эдуард Григорьевич</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Dadyan</surname> <given-names>Eduard Grigorievich</given-names> </name>  </name-alternatives>   </contrib>  <contrib contrib-type="member-of-organizing-committee" id="orgcomm5">    <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Мейманов</surname> <given-names>Бактыбек Каттоевич</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Meimanov</surname> <given-names>Baktybek Kattoevich</given-names> </name>  </name-alternatives>   </contrib>  </contrib-group>   <event>  <event-desc xml:lang="ru">Новое слово в науке: стратегии развития</event-desc>   <event-desc xml:lang="en">A breakthrough in science: development strategies</event-desc>   <conf-date> <day>01</day> <month>01</month> <year>1900</year> </conf-date>    <conf-loc xml:lang="ru">Чебоксары</conf-loc>  </event>   <publisher> <publisher-name>Центр научного сотрудничества «Интерактив плюс»</publisher-name> </publisher>    <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2020"> <year>2020</year> </pub-date>    <permissions>  <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2020 Aiten S. Gumbatova</copyright-statement>   <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2020 Гумбатова А. Ш.</copyright-statement>   <copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>  <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гумбатова А. Ш.</copyright-holder>   <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Aiten S. Gumbatova</copyright-holder>    <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en" xlink:type="simple"> <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)</license-p> </license>   <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="ru" xlink:type="simple"> <license-p>Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</license-p> </license>   </permissions>  </book-meta> <book-part book-part-type="conference-paper"> <book-part-meta>   <book-id custom-type="publisher-id" pub-id-type="custom">530138</book-id> <title-group>  <chapter-title xml:lang="ru">Основные виды переводческих трансформаций</chapter-title>   <trans-title-group xml:lang="en"> <trans-title>The Main Types of Transformation</trans-title> </trans-title-group>  </title-group>  <contrib-group>   <contrib contrib-type="author" id="author1">   <name-alternatives>  <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"> <surname>Гумбатова</surname> <given-names>Айтен Шакир</given-names> </name>   <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"> <surname>Gumbatova</surname> <given-names>Aiten Shakir</given-names> </name>   </name-alternatives>  <email xlink:type="simple">hanim91@mail.ru</email> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/> </contrib>    <aff-alternatives id="aff1">   <aff xml:lang="ru">  <institution>Бакинский государственный университет</institution>   <country>Азербайджан</country> </aff>    <aff xml:lang="en">  <institution>Baku State University</institution>   <country>Azerbaijan</country> </aff>   </aff-alternatives>  </contrib-group>   <fpage>72</fpage> <lpage>77</lpage>   <abstract xml:lang="ru"> <p>в статье рассмотрены переводческие трансформации как средство обеспечения эквивалентности текстов. Автор отмечает, что переводчику необходимо понимать и учитывать многие аспекты: структуру и текстовый корпус, подтекст и авторский замысел, средства их экспликации, время создания произведения и т. д. Все они влияют на перевод, его адекватность и эквивалентность. Под адекватностью понимается связь между средствами и целью, и, следовательно, она ориентирована на процесс. Эквивалентность, с другой стороны, представляет собой связь между двумя продуктами, источником и целевым текстом. Наиболее часто переводчик прибегает к следующим трансформациям на синтаксическом уровне: 1) опущение; 2) добавление; 3) транспозиция; 4) изменение грамматических форм; 5) компенсация; 6) конкретизация; 7) обобщение; 8) антонимический перевод; 9) смысловое развитие; 10) метонимический перевод; 11) объединение предложений; и 12) членение предложений. Эти трансформации обусловлены различиями в грамматическом и лексическом строе в исходном (ИЯ) и переводящем (ПЯ) языках. Для обеспечения адекватности перевода необходимо использовать грамматические трансформации. Таким образом, буквальный перевод адаптируется к стандартам ПЯ и становится адекватным.</p> </abstract>      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en"> <p>in this article, translation transformations as a means of ensuring the equivalence of texts. It is necessary to understand and take into account many different aspects: structure and text case, intentions and implications of the author and ways to express them, the time of writing, etc. All these issues affect the translation, its adequacy and equivalence. Adequacy is thus a relation between means and purpose, and is thereby process-oriented. Equivalence, on the other hand, is a relation between two products, the source and the receptor texts. At the sentence level, the most common transformations every translator makes are 1) omission, 2) addition, 3) transposition, 4) change of grammatical forms, 5) loss compensation, 6) concretization, 7) generalization 8) antonymic translation, 9) meaning extension, 10) metonymic translation, 11) sentence integration, and 12) sentence fragmentation. These transformations are caused by differences in the grammar and vocabulary of the source language (SL) and target language (TL). In order to avoid an inadequate translation, it is necessary to apply translating grammatical transformations. As a result, a literal translation is adapted to the standards of the language of translation and becomes adequate.</p> </trans-abstract>       <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">  <kwd>трансформация</kwd>  <kwd>перевод</kwd>  <kwd>добавление</kwd>  <kwd>транспозиция</kwd>  <kwd>замена</kwd>  <kwd>интерлингвистика</kwd>  <kwd>опущение</kwd>  <kwd>исходный язык</kwd>  <kwd>переводящий язык</kwd>  </kwd-group>    <kwd-group xml:lang="en">  <kwd>translation</kwd>  <kwd>transformation</kwd>  <kwd>interlinguistics</kwd>  <kwd>transposition</kwd>  <kwd>replacement</kwd>  <kwd>addition</kwd>  <kwd>omission</kwd>  <kwd>source language</kwd>  <kwd>target language</kwd>  </kwd-group>      </book-part-meta> </book-part> </front>  <back> <ref-list> <title>References</title>  <ref id="ref1"> <label>1</label> <citation-alternatives>  <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andrew Donald Booth, Leonard Forster. 1958. Aspects of translation. 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