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This article is devoted to analysis of the socioeconomic features of the peasant reform in the Stavropol region, the main of which was sufficiently low density settlement in the region and the number of serfs. The work includes consideration of the provisions of one of the earliest projects of emancipation of the serfs, created by the largest landowners of the County Pyatigorsk by the Kalantarovs’ brothers. The materials in this article are used from the State archive of the Stavropol territory.

The article examines the science and society in their relations and interrelations, problems of self-organization of science. The author talks about the ways and forms of science as a social institution at the service of the public interest. One of the conclusions is that the level of development of science as an institution corresponds to the level of development of social relations.