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The authors note that at children iron deficiency anemia leads to growth of infectious incidence of respiratory organs and digestive tract. Iron is necessary for normal functioning of structures of a brain, at its insufficient contents the psychological child development is broken. At the children who had iron deficiency anemia in infancy at the age of 3–4 years there are violations of transfer of nervous impulses from the centers of a brain to organs of hearing and sight because of violation of a miyelinizathion and, as a result of it, violation of conductivity of nerves. In children, early detection of risk factors leads to a decrease in the incidence of scarce anemia.