Центр научного сотрудничества "Интерактив плюс"
info@interactive-plus.ru
+7 (8352) 222-490
2130122532
Центр научного сотрудничества «Интерактив плюс»
RU
428000
Чувашская Республика
г.Чебоксары
ул.Гражданская, д.75
428000, Россия, Чувашская Республика, г. Чебоксары, улица Гражданская, дом 75
+7 (8352) 222-490
RU
428000
Чувашская Республика
г.Чебоксары
ул.Гражданская, д.75
56.125001
47.208966

Психиатрические аспекты употребления дизайнерских наркотиков и новых психоактивных веществ

Научная статья
DOI: 10.21661/r-116849
Open Access
Ежемесячный международный научный журнал «Интерактивная наука»
Creative commons logo
Опубликовано в:
Ежемесячный международный научный журнал «Интерактивная наука»
Авторы:
Мрыхин В.В. 1 , Анцыборов А.В. 2
Рубрика:
Медицина
Рейтинг:
Статья просмотрена:
5991 раз
Размещено в:
doaj
eLibrary.ru
1 ФГБОУ ВО «Ростовский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России
2 ООО КМЗ «Психея»
Для цитирования:
Мрыхин В. В. Психиатрические аспекты употребления дизайнерских наркотиков и новых психоактивных веществ / В. В. Мрыхин, А. В. Анцыборов // Интерактивная наука. – 2017. – С. 64-74. – ISSN 2414-9411. – DOI 10.21661/r-116849.

  • Метаданные
  • Полный текст
  • Метрики
УДК 61

Аннотация

Как отмечают авторы, появившиеся не так давно новые психоактивные вещества (дизайнерские наркотики), включающие в себя синтетические каннабиноиды, производные катинона, фенэтиламины, новые психостимуляторы, синтетические опиоиды, производные триптамина, фенциклидины, пиперазины, агонисты ГАМК (А/Б)-рецепторов, стали представлять серьезные проблемы как для потребителей, так для врачей-специалистов. Потребителей данные вещества привлекают прежде всего выраженностью психоактивных эффектов, а также декларируемая теневыми производителями «юридическая чистота», что указывает на значительные трудности лабораторного типирования новых ПАВ. Дизайнерские наркотики при попадании в организм действуют на целый ряд нейромедиаторных путей/рецепторов: дофаминовые, каннабиноидные (СВ1), ГАМК(А/Б), 5-HT2A, глутамат и k-опиоидные рецепторы(KOR), дисбаланс в которых приводит к развитию полиморфных психотических нарушений.

Список литературы

  1. 1. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). European Drug report 2014: trends and developments. Lisbon: EMCDDA, 2014.
  2. 2. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Global synthetic drugs assessment. Vienna: UNODC, 2014.
  3. 3. Nelson ME, Bryant SM, Aks SE. Emerging drugs of abuse. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2014; 32:1–28.
  4. 4. Deluca P, Davey Z, Corazza O et al. Identifying emerging trends in recreational drug use; outcomes from the Psychonaut Web Mapping Project. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:221–6.
  5. 5. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Hallucinogenic mushrooms: an emerging trend case study. Lisbon: EMCDDA, 2006.
  6. 6. Papanti D, Schifano F, Botteon G et al. «Spiceophrenia’: a systematic overview of «Spice’-related psychopathological issues and a case report. Hum Psychopharmacol 2013; 28:379–89.
  7. 7. Schifano F. Drugs: treatment and management. In: Ghodse AH, Herrman H, Maj M et al (eds). Substance abuse: evidence and experience. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011:53–74.
  8. 8. Schifano F. NPS: clinical and pharmacological issues. Drug and Alcohol Today (in press).
  9. 9. Schifano F. Novel psychoactive substances also known as «legal highs’. In: Davies SC (ed). Annual report of the Chief Medical Officer 2013. Public mental health priorities: investing in the evidence. London: Department of Health, 2014:259.
  10. 10. Lonati D, Buscaglia E, Papa P et al. MAM-2201 (analytically confirmed) intoxication after «synthacaine» consumption. Ann Emerg Med (in press).
  11. 11. Aranda E, Sala E, Navarro M et al. Use of novel psychoactive substances (NPS): a description of a harm reduction center in Barcelona. Res Adv Psychiatry 2014;1(Suppl. 1):36.
  12. 12. Vandrey R, Dunn KE, Fry JA et al. A survey study to characterize use of Spice products (synthetic cannabinoids). Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 120:238–41.
  13. 13. Kikura-Hanajiri R, Uchiyama N, Kawamura M et al. Changes in the prevalence of synthetic cannabinoids and cathinone derivatives in Japan until early 2012. Forensic Toxicol 2013; 31:44–53.
  14. 14. Ogata J, Uchiyama N, Kikura-Hanajiri R et al. DNA sequence analyses of blended herbal products including synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 227:33–41.
  15. 15. Park Y, Lee C, Lee H et al. Identification of a new synthetic cannabinoid in a herbal mixture: 1-butyl-3-(2-ethoxybenzoyl) indole. Forensic Toxicol 2013; 31:187–96.
  16. 16. Uchiyama N, Kawamura M, Kikura-Hanajiri R et al. URB- 754: a new class of designer drug and 12 synthetic cannabinoids detected in illegal products. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 227:21–32.
  17. 17. Uchiyama N, Shimokawa Y, Matsuda S et al. Two new synthetic cannabinoids, AM-2201 benzimidazole analog (FUBIMINA) and (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) (1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl) methanone (ME- PIRAPIM), and three phenethylamine derivatives, 25H-NBOMe 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl analog, 25B-NBOMe, and 2C-N-NBOMe, identified in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol 2014; 32:105–15.
  18. 18. Uchiyama N, Matsuda S, Kawamura M et al. Two new-type cannabimimetic quinolinyl carboxylates, QUPIC and QUCHIC, two new cannabimimetic carboxamide derivatives, ADB-FUBINACA and ADBICA, and five synthetic cannabinoids detected with a thiophene derivative a-PVT and an opioid receptor agonist AH-7921 identified in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol 2013; 31:223–40.
  19. 19. Dresen S, Ferreiros N, Putz M et al. Monitoring of herbal mixtures potentially containing synthetic cannabinoids as psychoactive compounds. J Mass Spectrom 2010; 45:1186–94.
  20. 20. Wurita A, Hasegawa K, Minakata K et al. A large amount of new designer drug diphenidine coexisting with a synthetic cannabinoid 5-fluoro-AB-PINACA found in a dubious herbal product. Forensic Toxicol 2014; 32:331–7.
  21. 21. Choi H, Heo S, Choe S et al. Simultaneous analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in the materials seized during drug trafficking using GC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013;405:3919–63.
  22. 22. Fattore L, Fratta W. Beyond THC: the new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 21:1–11.
  23. 23. Brents LK, Prather PL. The K2/spice phenomenon: emergence, identification, legislation and metabolic characterization of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense products. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:72–85.
  24. 24. Pertwee RG. Receptors and channels targeted by synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists. Curr Med Chem 2010; 17:1360–81.
  25. 25. Papanti GD, Orsolini L, Francesconi G et al. «Noids’; what you (don’t) want to know about synthetic cannabinoids. Adv Dual Diagn 2014; 7:137–48.
  26. 26. Fisar Z. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity by cannabinoids. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010; 381:563–72.
  27. 27. Morgan D, Kondabolu K, Kuipers A et al. Molecular and behavioral pharmacology of two novel orally-active 5HT2 modulators: potential utility as antipsychotic medications. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:274–81.
  28. 28. Halberstadt AL. Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens. Behav Brain Res (in press).
  29. 29. Wells DL, Ott CA. The new marijuana. Ann Pharmacother 2011; 45:4147.
  30. 30. Yip L, Dart CR. Is there something more about synthetic cannabinoids? Forensic Toxicol 2014; 32:340–1.
  31. 31. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:1112–20.
  32. 32. Ismail F. Important fluorinated drugs in experimental and clinical use. J Fluor Chem 2002; 118:27–33.
  33. 33. Wilkinson SM, Banister SD, Kassiou M et al. Bioisosteric fluorine in the clandestine design of synthetic cannabinoids. Aust J Chem (in press).
  34. 34. Hermanns-Clausen M, Kneisel S, Szabo B et al. Acute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of synthetic cannabinoids: clinical and laboratory findings. Addiction 2013; 108:534–44.
  35. 35. Spaderna M, Addy PH, D’Souza DC. Spicing things up: synthetic cannabinoids. Psychopharmacology 2013; 228:525–40.
  36. 36. Winstock AR, Barratt MJ. The 12-month prevalence and nature of adverse experiences resulting in emergency medical presentations associated with the use of synthetic cannabinoid products. Hum Psychopharmacol 2013; 28:390–3.
  37. 37. Freeman MJ, Rose DZ, Myers MA et al. Ischemic stroke after use of the synthetic marijuana «spice’. Neurology 2013; 81:2090–3.
  38. 38. Freeman WD, Jacksonville FL, Louh IK. «Spice encephalopathy». Response to «Ischemic stroke after use of the synthetic marijuana «spice’». Neurology 2014; 81:2090–3.
  39. 39. Mir A, Obafemi A, Young A Et al. Myocardial infarction associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2. Pediatrics 2011; 128: e1622–7.
  40. 40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Acute kidney injury associated with synthetic cannabinoid use – multiple states, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012; 62:93–8.
  41. 41. Saito T, Namera A, Miura N et al. A fatal case of MAM-2201 poisoning. Forensic Toxicol 2013; 31:333–7.
  42. 42. Shanks KG, Dahn T, Terrell AR. Detection of JWH-018 and JWH-073 by UPLC-MS-MS in postmortem whole blood case- work. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:145–52.
  43. 43. Schaefer N, Peters B, Bregel D et al. A fatal case involving sever- al synthetic cannabinoids. Toxichem Krimtech 2013; 80:248–51.
  44. 44. Savasman CM, Peterson DC, Pietak BR et al. Two fatalities due to the use of synthetic cannabinoids alone. Presented at the 66th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Seattle. Denver: Publication Printers Inc., 2014:316.
  45. 45. Patton AL, Chimalakonda KC, Cindy L et al. K2 toxicity: fatal case of psychiatric complications following AM2201 exposure. J Forensic Sci 2013; 58:1676–80.
  46. 46. Behonick G, Shanks KG, Firchau DJ et al. Four postmortem case reports with quantitative detection of the synthetic cannabinoid, 5F-PB-22. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:559–62.
  47. 47. Corkery J, Claridge H, Loi B et al. Drug related deaths in the UK. NPSAD Annual Report 2013. London: International Centre for Drug Policy, St. George’s University of London, 2014.
  48. 48. Elliott S, Evans J. A 3-year review of new psychoactive substances in casework. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 243:55–60.
  49. 49. Kronstrand R, Roman M, Andersson M et al. Toxicological findings of synthetic cannabinoids in recreational users. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:534–41.
  50. 50. Rosenbaum CD, Scalzo AJ, Long C et al. K2 & Spice abusers: a case series of clinical and laboratory findings. Presented at the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology, Washington, September 2011.
  51. 51. Wikstrom M, Thelander G, Dahlgren M et al. An accidental fatal intoxication with methoxetamine. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:43–6.
  52. 52. Gunderson EW, Haughey HM, Ait-Daoud N et al. «Spice’ and «K2’ herbal highs: a case series and systematic review of the clinical effects and biopsychosocial implications of synthetic cannabinoid use in humans. Am J Addiction 2012; 21:320–6.
  53. 53. Nacca N, Vatti D, Sullivan R et al. The synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome. J Addict Med 2013; 7:296–8.
  54. 54. New Zealand Ministry of Health. Revoked interim product approvals. www.health.govt.nz.
  55. 55. Rominger A, Cumming P, Xiong G et al. Effects of acute detoxification of the herbal blend «Spice Gold’ on dopamine D2/3 receptor availability: a [18F] fallypride PET study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1606–10.
  56. 56. Zimmermann US, Winkelmann PR, Pilhatsch M et al. Withdrawal phenomena and dependence syndrome after the consumption of «spice gold’. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106:464–7.
  57. 57. Di Forti M, Sallis H, Allegri F et al. Daily use, especially of high potency cannabis, drives the earlier onset of psychosis in cannabis users. Schizophr Bull (in press).
  58. 58. Celofiga A, Koprivsek J, Klavz J. Use of synthetic cannabinoids in patients with psychotic disorders: case series. J Dual Diagn 2014; 10:168–73.
  59. 59. Oluwabusi OO, Lobach L, Akhtar U et al. Synthetic cannabinoid-induced psychosis: two adolescent cases. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2012; 22:393–5.
  60. 60. Farre` M, Papaseit E, Perez-Mana C et al. Human pharmacology of mephedrone: a dose-finding pilot study. Presented at the College on Problems of Drug Dependence Meeting, San Juan, June 2014.
  61. 61. Schifano F, Corkery J, Ghodse AH. Suspected and confirmed fatalities associated with mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; «meow meow’) in the UK. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 32:710- 4.
  62. 62. Corkery JM, Schifano F, Ghodse AH. Mephedrone-related fatalities in the United Kingdom: contextual, clinical and practical issues. In: Gallelli L (ed). Pharmacology. Rijeka: InTech, 2012: 355–80.
  63. 63. Corkery JM, Schifano F, Oyefeso A et al. «Bundle of fun’ or «bunch of problems’? Case series of khat-related deaths in the UK. Drugs Educ Prev Policy 2011; 18:408–25.
  64. 64. Loi B, Claridge H, Goodair C et al. Deaths of individuals aged 16–24 in the UK after using mephedrone. Hum Psychopharmacol (in press).
  65. 65. Warrick BJ, Wilson J, Hedge M et al. Lethal serotonin syndrome after methylone and butylone ingestion. J Med Toxicol 2012;8: 65–8.
  66. 66. Schifano F, Albanese A, Fergus S et al. Mephedrone (4-methyl- methcathinone; «meow meow’): chemical, pharmacological and clinical issues. Psychopharmacology 2011; 214:593–602.
  67. 67. McCann UD, Wong DF, Yokoi F et al. Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density in the abstinent methamphetamine and methcathinone users: evidence from positron emission tomography studies with [11C] WIN-35,428. J Neurosci 1998; 18:8417–22.
  68. 68. Ambrose JB, Bennett HD, Lee HS et al. Cerebral vasculopathy after 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine ingestion. Neurologist 2010; 16:199–202.
  69. 69. Bosak A, LoVecchio F, Levine M. Recurrent seizures and serotonin syndrome following «2C-I» ingestion. J Med Toxicol 2013;9: 196–8.
  70. 70. Topeff JM, Ellsworth H, Willhite LA et al. A case series of symptomatic patients, including one fatality, following 2C-E expo- sure. Clin Toxicol 2011; 49:526.
  71. 71. Schifano F, Corkery J, Naidoo V et al. Comparison between amphetamine/methylamphetamine and ecstasy (MDMA, MDEA, MDA, 4-MTA) mortality data
  72. 72. Winstock A, Schifano F. Disorders relating to the use of ecstasy, other «party drugs’ and khat. In: Gelder M, Andreasen N, Lopez- Ibor JJ et al (eds). New Oxford textbook of psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009:494–502.
  73. 73. Corazza O, Schifano F, Farre` M et al. Designer drugs on the Internet: a phenomenon out-of-control? Analysis of anecdotal online reports relating to the hallucinogenic drug Bromo-Dragonfly. Curr Clin Pharmacol 2011; 6:125–9.
  74. 74. Bersani FS, Corazza O, Albano G et al. 25C-NBOMe: preliminary data on pharmacology, psychoactive effects and toxicity of a new potent and dangerous hallucinogenic drug. Biomed Res Int (in press).
  75. 75. Davis FT, Brewster ME. A fatality involving U4Euh, a cyclic derivative of phenylpropanolamine. J Forensic Sci 1988; 33:549.
  76. 76. Brewster ME, Davis FT. Appearance of Aminorex as a designer analog of 4-methylaminorex. J Forensic Sci 1991; 36:587–92.
  77. 77. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). 4,4’-DMAR. Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 4,4’-DMAR (4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)- 4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine). Lisbon: EMCDDA, 2014.
  78. 78. Brandt SD, Baumann MH, Partilla JS et al. Characterization of a novel and potentially lethal designer drug, (6)-cis-para-methyl- 4-methylaminorex (4,4-DMAR, or «Serotoni’). Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:684–95.
  79. 79. Chemrus.com [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: www.chemrus.com
  80. 80. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: www.drugs-forum.com
  81. 81. Serotoni.info [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: www.serotoni.info
  82. 82. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EUROPOL-EMCDDA). Dangerous synthetic drugs hit the EU market. www.emcdda.europa.eu.
  83. 83. Blicke FF, Burckhalter JH. a-thienylaminoalkanes. J Am Chem Soc 1942; 64:477.
  84. 84. Angelov D, O’Brien J, Kavanagh P. The syntheses of 1-(2-thienyl)-2-(methylamino) propane (methiopropamine) and its 3-thienyl isomer for use as reference standards. Drug Test Anal 2011; 5:145–9.
  85. 85. Bouso ED, Gardner EA, O’Brien JE et al. Characterization of the pyrolysis products of methiopropamine. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:676–83.
  86. 86. Iversen L, Gibbons S, Treble R et al. Neurochemical profiles of some novel psychoactive substances. Eur J Pharmacol 2012;700: 147–51.
  87. 87. Bluelight.com [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: www.bluelight.com
  88. 88. Tyers MB. A classification of opiate receptors that mediate antinociception in animals. Br J Pharmacol 1980; 69:503–12.
  89. 89. Umemoto S, Nagatsuka T, Nakamura H. N-(1,2-Diphenylethyl)- piperazine derivatives. Japanese patent, Jpn Tokkyo Koho, JP 
47049071 (19721209), 1972.
  90. 90. Matsuno K, Senda T, Kobayashi T et al. Reduction of 4-cyclohexyl-1- [(1R)-1,2-diphenylethyl]-piperazine-induced memory impairment of passive avoidance performance by r1 receptor agonists in mice. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1998; 20:575–80.
  91. 91. Lindeman E, Backberg M, Personne M et al. MT-45 – en livsfarlig och potentiellt ototoxisk internetdrog. Lakartidningen 2014; 111.pii: CZR4.
  92. 92. Brayfield A. Tilidine hydrochloride. The complete drug reference. Martindale: Pharmaceutical Press, 2013.
  93. 93. Knaus EE, Warren BK, Ondrus TA. Analgesic substituted piperidylidene-2-sulfon(cyan)amide derivatives. US Patent 4468403. CA 1255680 A1. Canadian Patents & Development Limited, 1982.
  94. 94. Carroll FI, Gao Y, Rahman P et al. Synthesis, ligand binding, QSAR, and CoMFA study of 3b-(p-substituted phenyl) tropane- 2b-carboxylic acid methyl esters. J Med Chem 1991; 34:2719–25.
  95. 95. Fleckenstein AE, Kopajtic TA, Boja JW et al. Highly potent cocaine analogs cause long-lasting increases in locomotor activity. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 311:109–14.
  96. 96. Carroll FI, Blough BE, Nie Z et al. Synthesis and monoamine transporter binding properties of 3-(3’,4’-disubstituted phenyl)- tropane-2-carboxylic acid methyl esters. J Med Chem 2005;21: 2767–71.
  97. 97. Clarke RL, Daum SJ, Gambino AJ et al. Compounds affecting the central nervous system. 4. 3b-phenyltropane-2-carboxylic esters and analogs. J Med Chem 1973; 16:1260–7.
  98. 98. Shulgin A, Shulgin A. TiHKAL. The continuation, 1997. www. erowid.org.
  99. 99. Sanders B, Lankenau SE, Bloom JJ et al. «Research chemicals’: tryptamine and phenylamine use among high-risk youth. Subst Use Misuse 2008; 43:389–402.
  100. 100. Arunotayanun W, Dalley JW, Huang XP et al. An analysis of the synthetic tryptamines AMT and 5-MeO-DALT: emerging «novel psychoactive drugs’. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3411–5.
  101. 101. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: www.unodc.org
  102. 102. Cimino G, De Stefano S. Chemistry of Mediterranean gorgonians. Simple indole derivatives from Paramuricea chamaeleon. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 1978; 61:361–2.
  103. 103. DeKorne J. Ayahuasca analogs and plant-based tryptamines. Sacramento: The Entheogen Review, 1996.
  104. 104. Collins M. Some new psychoactive substances: precursor chemicals and synthesis-driven end-products. Drug Test Anal 2011;3: 404–16.
  105. 105. Koike Y, Wada K, Kusano G et al. Isolation of psilocybin from Psilocybe argentipes and its determination in specimens of some mushrooms. Lloydia 1981; 44:362–5.
  106. 106. Mckenna DJ, Towers GHN. Biochemistry and pharmacology of tryptamines and beta-ca
  107. 107. Guichhait RB. Biogenesis of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in human pineal gland. J Neurochem 1976; 26:187–90.
  108. 108. Barker SA, Monti JA, Christian ST. N, N-dimethyltryptamine: an endogenous hallucinogen. Int Rev Neurobiol 1981; 22:83–110.
  109. 109. Karkkainen J, Raisainen M, Naukarinen H et al. Urinary excretion of free bufotenin by psychiatric patients. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 24:441–6.
  110. 110. Lessin AW, Long RF, Parkes MW. Central stimulant actions of a-alkyl substituted tryptamine in mice. Br J Pharmacol 1965;24: 49–67.
  111. 111. Dargan PI, Wood DM. Novel psychoactive substances: classification, pharmacology and toxicology. London: Academic Press/ Elsevier, 2013.
  112. 112. Cozzi NV, Gopalakrishnan A, Anderson LL. Dimethyltryptamine and other hallucinogenic tryptamines exhibit substrate behavior at the serotonin uptake transporter and the vesicle monoamine transporter. J Neural Transm 2009; 116:15919.
  113. 113. Fantegrossi WE, Murnane KS, Reissig CJ. The behavioural pharmacology of hallucinogens. Biochem Pharmacol 2008;75: 17–33.
  114. 114. Nichols DE. Hallucinogens. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 101:131–81.
  115. 115. Fontanilla D, Johannessen M, Hajipour AR et al. The hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an endogenous sigma-1 receptor regulator. Science 2009; 323:934–7.
  116. 116. Psychonautwiki.com. http://wiki.tripsit.me.
  117. 117. Ray TS. Psychedelics and the human receptorome. PLoS One 2010;5: e9019.
  118. 118. Sogawa C, Sogawa N, Tagawa J et al. 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopro-pyltryptamine (Foxy), a selective and high affinity inhibitor of serotonin transporter. Toxicol Lett 2007; 170:75–82.
  119. 119. Ujvary I. Psychoactive natural products: overview of recent developments. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2014; 50:12–27.
  120. 120. Lyttle T, Goldstein D, Gartz J. Bufo. Toads and bufotenine: fact and fiction surrounding an alleged psychedelic. J Psychoactive Drugs 1996; 28:267–90.
  121. 121. Wilcox J. Psychoactive properties of alpha-methyltryptamine: analysis from self-reports of users. J Psychoactive Drugs 2012; 44:274–6.
  122. 122. Gallimberti L, Schifano F, Forza G et al. Clinical efficacy of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in treatment of opiate withdrawal. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994; 244:113–4.
  123. 123. Brennan R, Van Hout MC. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB): a scoping review of pharmacology, toxicology, motives for use, and user groups. J Psychoactive Drugs 2014; 46:243–51.
  124. 124. Palatini P, Tedeschi L, Frison G et al. Dose-dependent absorption and elimination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 45:353–6.
  125. 125. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Report on the risk assessment of GHB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. Lisbon: EMCDDA, 2002.
  126. 126. Galloway GP, Frederick SL, Staggers F, Jr. Physical dependence on sodium oxybate. Lancet 1994; 343:57.
  127. 127. Corkery JM, Loi B, Claridge H et al. The evolution and characteristics of UK deaths involving GHB and its analogues. Presented at the 3rd International Conference on Novel Psychoactive Substances, Rome, May 2014. Red Adv Psychiatry 2014;1(Suppl. 1):16.
  128. 128. Peng CT, Ger J, Yang CC et al. Prolonged severe withdrawal symptoms after acute-on-chronic baclofen overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1998; 36:359–63.
  129. 129. Breslow MF, Fankhauser MP, Potter RL et al. Role of gamma-aminobutyric acid in antipanic drug efficacy. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:353–6.
  130. 130. Franklin TR, Harper D, Kampman K et al. The GABAB agonist baclofen reduces cigarette consumption in a preliminary double-blind placebo-controlled smoking reduction study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 103:30–6.
  131. 131. Haney M, Hart CL, Foltin RW. Effects of baclofen on cocaine self-administration: opioid and nonopioid-dependent volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:1814–21.
  132. 132. Shoptaw S, Yang X, Rotheram-Fuller EJ et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of baclofen for cocaine dependence: preliminary effects for individuals with chronic patterns of cocaine use. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:1440–8.
  133. 133. Schep LJ, Knudsen K, Slaughter RJ et al. The clinical toxicology of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-buta- nediol. Clin Toxicol 2012; 50:458–70.
  134. 134. Kapil V, Green JL, Le Lait MC et al. Misuse of the g-aminobutyric acid analogues baclofen, gabapentin and pregabalin in the UK. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 78:190–1.
  135. 135. Lee TH, Chen SS, Su SL et al. Baclofen intoxication: report of four cases and review of the literature. Clin Neuropharmacol 1992; 15:56–62.
  136. 136. Erowid.org. www.erowid.org.
  137. 137. Haubenstock A, Hruby K, Jager U et al. Baclofen (Lioresal) 
intoxication report of four cases and review of the literature. 
Clin Toxicol 1983; 20:59–68.
  138. 138. Coffey RJ, Edgar TS, Francisco GE et al. Abrupt withdrawal 
from intrathecal baclofen: recognition and management of a potentially life-threatening syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 83:735–41.
  139. 139. Meythaler JM, Roper JF, Brunner RC. Cyproheptadine for intrathecal baclofen withdrawal. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84: 638–42.
  140. 140. Helander A, Backberg M, Beck O. MT-45, a new psychoactive substance associated with hearing loss and unconsciousness. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52:901–4.
  141. 141. Lapin I. Phenibut (beta-phenyl-GABA): a tranquilizer and nootropic drug. CNS Drug Rev 2001; 7:471–81.
  142. 142. Nurmand LB, Otter MI, Vasar EE. Effect of structural analogs of gamma-aminobutyric acid on serotonin- and dopaminergic mechanisms. Farmakol Toksikol 1980; 43:288–91.
  143. 143. ReDNet Research Group. Phenibut full report. London: King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, 2012.
  144. 144. Samokhvalov AV, Paton-Gay CL, Balchand K et al. Phenibut dependence. BMJ Case Rep 2013;2013.
  145. 145. Hogberg L, Szabo I, Ruusa J. Phenibut yielded withdrawal symptoms and psychosis. Drugs for cosmonauts – now marketed as dietary supplements online. Lakartidningen 2013; 110:825–7.
  146. 146. Schmitt C, Gegu C, Spadari M et al. Use of phenibut in France: report of two cases. Therapie 2013; 68:123–4.
  147. 147. Ronn M. Serotonin syndrome or phenibut overdose: a case study. J Am Pharm Assoc 2003;53: e151–70.
  148. 148. Chiappini S, Claridge H, Corkery J et al. Special M related fatalities in the UK. Res Adv Psychiatry 2014;1(Suppl. 1):38.
  149. 149. Corazza O, Schifano F, Simonato P et al. Phenomenon of new drugs on the Internet: the case of ketamine derivative methoxetamine. Hum Psychopharmacol 2012; 27:145–9.
  150. 150. Schifano F, Corkery J, Oyefeso A et al. Trapped in the «K-hole’; overview of deaths associated with ketamine misuse in the UK (1993–2006). J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 28:114–6.
  151. 151. Waelbers T, Polis I, Vermeire S et al. 5-HT2A receptors in the feline brain: 123I-5-I-R91150 kinetics and the influence of keta- mine measured with micro-SPECT. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1428–33.
  152. 152. Nishimura M, Sato K. Ketamine stereoselectively inhibits rat dopamine transporter. Neurosci Lett 1999; 274:131–4.
  153. 153. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD). Ketamine: a review of use and harm. London: ACMD, 2013.
  154. 154. Morgan CJ, Monaghan L, Curran HV. Beyond the K-hole: a 3- year longitudinal investigation of the cognitive and subjective effects of ketamine in recreational users who have substantially reduced their use of the drug. Addiction 2004; 99:1450–61.
  155. 155. Luciano RL, Perazella MA. Nephrotoxic effects of designer drugs: synthetic is not better! Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:314–24.
  156. 156. Corazza O, Schifano F. Ketamine-induced «near-death experience’ states in a sample of 50 misusers. Subst Use Misuse 2010; 45:916–24.
  157. 157. Dargan PI, Tang HC, Liang W et al. Three months of methoxetamine administration is associated with significant bladder and renal toxicity in mice. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52:176–80.
  158. 158. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Risk assessments. Methoxetamine. Report on the risk assessment of 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexa- none (methoxetamine) in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. Lisbon: EMCDDA, 2014.
  159. 159. Morris H, Wallach J. From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:614–32.
  160. 160. Chyka PA, Erdman AR, Manoguerra AS et al. Dextromethorphan poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out- of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol 2007; 45:662–77.
  161. 161. Miller SC. Dextromethorphan psychosis, dependence and physical withdrawal. Addict Biol 2005; 10:325–7.
  162. 162. Kersten BP, McLaughlin ME. Toxicology and management of novel psychoactive drugs. J Pharm Pract (in press).

Комментарии(0)

При добавлении комментария укажите:
  • степень актуальности публикуемого материала;
  • общую оценку (оригинальность и актуальность темы, полнота, глубина, всесторонность раскрытия темы, логичность, связность, доказательность, структурная упорядоченность, характер и достоверность примеров, иллюстративного материала, убедительность выводов);
  • недостатки, недочеты;
  • вопросы и пожелания Автору.