List of publications on a keyword: «review»

This article is devoted to the historical aspect of the formation and development of the North American model of judicial constitutional review. The author comes to the conclusion that this model does not create an independent branch of the judicial system, therefore, constitutional control implementation recognizes the integrity of the entire judicial apparatus.

This article observes the reviews of contemporaries and descendant of Makarius (Bulgakov), metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna, about his monumental work «The history of the Russian church».

According to the authors synthetic cathinone is a new class of designer drugs with psychoactive effect at the peak of intoxication which can cause hallucinatory disorders, acute paranoid disorders of psychotic level, the development of delirious disorders, affective disorders comparable to cocaine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other drugs with amphetamine-like effect. The first reports of synthetic cathinone appeared in early 2009. On the black market, these substances were marketed as «bath salts». The legislation of the European countries have been carrying these substances to the drug since 2010, in the United States synthetic cathinone has been included in the list of narcotic substances since 2011, in the Russian Federation, these substances can be attributed to narcotic according to the Decree of the RF Government dated 31 December 2009 №1186 «About modification of some resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation on issues related to trafficking in narcotic drugs». Recent clinical studies indicate dysregulation effect of synthetic cathinone’s on central monoamine system, which is one of the main mechanisms of synthetic cathinone’s action, and is the basis of behavioral disorders due to use. The review provides data about the chemical structure of synthetic cathinone’s, mechanisms of addiction, toxicology, clinical aspects of use.

The majority of synthetic cannabinoids (SC), belongs to the group of so-called designer drugs distributed through illegal online shopping. The first reports of this group of psychoactive substances appeared in the 70s of the last century. Today, according to various estimates, there are over 160 varieties of synthetic cannabinoids, and this figure is increasing annually due to the synthesis of new substances in the group. This group of substances is designed to «copy» the psychoactive effects of cannabis. Initially, these substances were created solely for research purposes, to study the endocannabinoid system of the person. Natural THC is a partial agonist of cannabinoid receptors. Synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists CB1R and CB2R types of cannabinoid receptors. Most countries in the world, including Russia, at the legislative level have taken restrictive measures for preventing the spread of this group of substances. In order to circumvent the legislative measures, the producers of synthetic cannabinoids regularly changing the chemical formula. Each year, an increasing number of emergency hospital admissions associated with the use of synthetic cannabinoids in the peer-reviewed literature describes the deaths directly attributable to medical complications after taking synthetic cannabinoids. Numerous studies have proven the possibility of developing psychological dependence due to the use of synthetic cannabinoids. The proposed review of the literature is presented for the purpose of organizing data in the field of synthetic cannabinoids.

The article gives a short review of the history of origin and development of the Westminster Abbey.

The article reviews Russian and international literature on synthetic (designer) drugs. A special place is given to the most common designer drugs-synthetic cathinones («salts») and synthetic cannabinoids («spice»). On the basis of this literature the authors analyse the chemical structure of synthetic cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids, the psychoactive effects of these substances on the body, the ability to produce mental, somatic and neurological disorders.

Under the modern reform of social and legal sphere in the Russian state and expansion of citizens’ legal consciousness it is important is to understand legal consciousness review as a unique and holistic phenomenon. The author analyses current rules of the state which promote legal consciousness of convicted minors. The research presents the modern understanding of such phenomenon as legal consciousness review of convicted minors as a condition reflecting individual’s consciousness in understanding laws and statutes.

This article discusses a "tourist discourse" concept and its own genre - tourist online review. The author analyzes the features of online reviews registration on the lexical, morphological and syntactic levels.