List of publications on a keyword: «substance»

This article brings together previously published evidence of the unified nature of physical processes and phenomena in terms of changes in the energy of a substance molecule. The unified physical nature of all these physical phenomena has been proven, as a single multistage process of energetic unpacking of molecules of a substance, which is logical to call the molecular-energy concept of unpacking a substance. The considered processes include the following processes. Surface rupture, characterized by the surface tension coefficient. The melting process of a substance characterized by its melting point. A boiling process characterized by the boiling point. Evaporation (and condensation) process characterized by internal energy and enthalpy as well as critical point. The conclusions of the theory are confirmed by well-known empirical dependences and by reference books of the physical properties of simple substances: internal energy, enthalpy, surface tension, melting point, boiling point and critical point.

For the purpose of learning multidimensional models, difficult for perception, representations and technology (device) of the description and measurement of volume and amount of the substance filling the volume of multidimensional objects are considered. Alternative options of multidimensional set of one-dimensional models and unified multidimensional model of three-dimensional objects are compared. The technology of measurement of multidimensional volume and amount of the substance that fills volume is shown. The authors came to the conclusion when transferring from a set of coordinate vectors of material points in complete spatial angle 4π steradian to multidimensional model of in pairs orthogonal vectors, calculation of volume of a multidimensional object significantly becomes simpler. The conclusion is that potentially infinite-dimensional model of an object represents the sphere in which balk of volume, the quantity and energy of the substance filling volume are entirely concentrated on its surface.

Currently, a lot of researches devoted to the study of the relationship between disorders of impulse control and addictive pathology are published. Attempts to isolate behavioral addictions into a separate group of addictive disorders make it necessary to assess impulsivity and impulse control disorders at different stages of formation, both behavioral and substance use addictions in a new way. This review is based on the results of research and analysis of existing models of addictive disorders, where the dominant position is given to impulsivity and impulse control disorders as predictors of addictive pathology. It contributes to most forms of aberrant management and other disorders included in the current classifications (DSM-V, ICD-10). In our opinion, many existing models of addictive pathology of impulsivity and impulse control disorders is given undeservedly little attention, which in the end leads to an incorrect assessment of substance and behavioral addictions. A model of development of addictive disorders is proposed, where the disorder of impulse control is given a decisive place in the question of «to be or not to be» addictive pathology.

Appearing not long ago, new psychoactive substances (designer drugs), including synthetic cannabinoids, derivatives of cathinone, phenethylamines, new stimulants, synthetic opioids, tryptamine derivatives, phencyclidine, piperazine, the GABA (A/B) receptors agonists, have become a serious problem for consumers and for physicians. Consumers of these substances are attracted primarily by the intensity of psychoactive effects, and the «legal high» declared by the black manufacturers, which indicates that significant difficulties in a laboratory identification of new surfactants. Designer drugs, when ingested, can be influenced on many neurotransmitter pathways/receptors: dopamine, cannabinoid (CB1), GABA (A/B), 5-HT2A, glutamate, and k-opioid receptors (KOR), the imbalance of which leads to the development of polymorphic psychotic disorders.

The article points out that the existence of the problem of double diagnoses (DD) in psychiatry and addictology means recognizing the fact that «addiction» is a mental illness and, therefore, a brain disorder. There are common areas in the brain that are responsible for the formation of addictive pathology and for the development of other mental illnesses. It explains the high comorbidity between disorders associated with the use of psychoactive substances, and other mental illnesses. The factors of predisposition to the development of addictive pathology include: family burden with addictive pathology, early onset of use of psychoactive substances, social stress situation, and mental illness. The artificial separation of psychiatry and addictology into two services in Russia is a historical mistake. A new paradigm of dependent disorders emphasizes the need to create a special section on double disorders, with the revision of this archaic model.

According to the properties of melting points and boiling points of the elements of the periodic table of D.I. Mendeleyev the application of the unpacking hypothesis of the substance was verified. The article contains the results of the verification. In general, according to the data for 98 substances taken from the information in Internet, convergence of results with an error of up to 40% for 73 substances was obtained. The effect of periodicity on the result is found. An exception to the calculated dependences was obtained for ten substances: noble gas and most halogens. A large discrepancy between the theoretical formulas and the reference data was also caused by the 14 elements of the middle groups.

In this monograph the journalistic works of W. Scott, which are by themselves and in relation to the literary and artistic (non-journalistic) creativity of this author, are an adequate object space for developing humanitarian and philological concepts, including the theoretical and linguistic concepts, such as «substance/essential meaning» are analyzed. The author focuses on complementarities of W. Scott’s social and political journalism and literary images in his heritage, evidenced by the explored material.

The article describes current drug situation in Russia, the forecast for its development in Russia, the system of measures of drug control and the reduction of the number of drug-dependent persons, as well as the reduction of crimes in the field of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

One of the most common classes among new psychoactive substances are substituted cathinones. The most popular substances among consumers, representatives of this class, are mephedrone and methylone. In this review, the accumulated scientific data on clinical effects, side effects, mechanisms of action associated with the use of methylone and mephedrone are systematized. When writing the review, two representative databases were used to find the scientific sources of PubMed and Google Scholar. The authors also used data from the site Erowid Center (non-profit educational organization in the United States, which provides information on psychoactive plants and chemicals). The literature search was conducted between 2005 and 2015.

According to the authors, appeared not long ago new psychoactive substances (designer drugs), including synthetic cannabinoids, derivatives of cathinone, phenethylamines, new stimulants, synthetic opioids, tryptamine derivatives, phencyclidine, piperazine, agonists of GABA (A/B) receptors have become a serious problem for both consumers and doctors. Consumers of these substances are attracted primarily by the intensity of psychoactive effects, as well as «legal purity», which is declared by shadow producers. This indicates that there are some significant difficulties of laboratory typing of new surfactants. Designer drugs when ingested, can affect a range of neurotransmitter pathways/receptors: dopamine, cannabinoid (CB1), GABA(A/B), 5-HT2A, glutamate, and k-opioid receptors (KOR), the imbalance of which leads to the development of polymorphic psychotic disorders.

In this article, we consider what acts related to doping, are subject to criminal, administrative and disciplinary responsibility. Also identified criteria for determining prohibited substances. In conclusion determined how the doping threat to modern sport.

The article addresses the problem of co-dependence, namely, the psychological state of the family with co-dependence in the frame of different approaches. Also, the authors explain the results of research that was aimed at studying the base conditions in the families with the phenomena of addictive behaviors. The results of current research can be used for development of effective psychological assistance in the families that have problems connected with alcoholism and drug addiction.

We received theoretical formulas of the interconnection between melting, boiling and critical temperatures. Uniform physical representation of melting, boiling and evaporation processes was the basis for deriving the formula of interconnection between them. We use the concept of the material substance internal energy in terms of the molecules “unpacking” idea. The reference manual data on 85 substances from 13 to 855 degrees Kelvin confirms the theoretically derived formulas. We carried out the comparison of theoretical formulas and experimental data by their mean values. A simple ideal substance model with spherical molecules was considered as a model of substance molecule. The melting point is 1/3, and the boiling point ranges from 1/2 to 2/3 of the critical point for this model.

Addressed the topic of use of performance enhancing drugs by athletes, effects on health, leading to various diseases. Penalties for violations of the rules.