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The authors consider two intermediaries: the intermediary between the world of the nature and the person – means of work or "fixed capital" of a society as productive force of social activities, and the intermediary inside a society – cost in the form of money without what it is impossible to define labour productivity and structural transformations in a society. The article gives engineering understanding of productive force and productivity of the process equipment by the example of calculation and a choice of the automatic transfer line.

The article reveals the investment and innovative policy of the region. The main idea of this policy is to provide the forces of social mechanisms of innovative and reproductive development based on the use of the region’s competitive advantages and, first of all, on building up its investment and innovation potential. The development of the main directions of the regional policy, taking into account the conditions and achievements of the region, can provide an opportunity to concentrate the region's resources in breakthrough directions of development, repeatedly increase innovation and investment activity, improve the quality of state regulation and management of the region that will ensure its competitiveness.

The article considers the standing order of the budget of the constituent territory in the Russian Federation in the budget system of the country and reveals the main problem of low fiscal capacity of the region. It also analyzes the revenues and expenditures of the Samara region budget for 2015–2016.

The article discusses the problem concerning some changes in image of tax and customs officers. Tax and customs system is a multifunctional structure, therefore, in order to ensure unified application of the legislation, professional training of staff should be organized by means of guidelines, workshop discussions, qualification trainings and other instruments, which should be attended by the employees of territorial and regional tax and customs authorities. Along with implementation of legislative reforms and application of advanced technologies for increase of confidence in tax system and expansion of capabilities, the role of a professional tax officer is of high importance.

The article reviews theoretical aspects of budgetary risk, its place in the system of financial risks. The author also describes methodical aspects of the estimation of budgetary risks using statistical methods. Further these methods are used to assess the budget risks of the regional budget of the Rostov region.

Conducting scheduled repair work in accordance with the laws of distribution and cost of performance of work between the services of vehicles and determining the optimal value for ATC units providing traffic safety, the costs of maintaining the required level of reliability allows to increase the level of reliability in acceptable costs and any laws for the allocation of their resources. The article considers possibilities of model expansion taking into account cost of the restored spare part.

The article considers the influence of morality on the effectiveness of economic laws. The thesis of "world unification" based on Western values forms the basis of a deeply racist ideology of Eurocentrism, devoid of scientific content. Western civilization is committed to the expansion and domination, and all of its ideological systems serve the expansionist aims. Science in this case disappears as a philosophical science of the laws of the country, becoming obsequious servant of the latter-day "masters of the world." In today's world there are two opposite groups of principles that drive the economy and the economy of different countries. Those are the principles of liberalism and principles of traditionalism.

The article explores the means of research and description of systems with the subsequent construction of the model. The problems that are common to branches of social infrastructure are revealed. As a result, general recommendations are given to improve the efficiency of these systems. The results can be applied in modeling various social infrastructure systems.

The article shows the dynamics of the development of the mortgage lending market in Russia, its trends and possible prospects, and also based on key parameters (interest rates of mortgage loans and the key rate of the Bank of Russia), the population's demand for secondary housing is forecasted.

The authors consider concepts “productive force” and “labour productivity” on the concrete example taken from the literature, and pay reader’s attention to “entertaining arithmetic” or mess that economists might have while observing scientific definitions of these concepts in practice. The authors give the understanding of these economic categories.