List of publications on a keyword: «disorder»

The article describes the method of assessing communicative skills in children with autism spectrum disorders according to Khaustov A.V., which was used in the combined kindergarten No. 109 in Kazan.

The article discusses the features of the development of speech communication in children with ASD, supported by practical examples, such as delay or lack of speech; echolalia; stereotypical or repetitive use of language; problems with the social context and understanding of figurative meaning; insufficient use of communicative intentions, which is important for creating individual approaches to the development of effective strategies that contribute to the communicative development of children with ASD.

The article discusses the main approaches to providing psychological assistance to children with ASD in overcoming the development of speech communications: early intervention, teaching alternative ways of communication, using visual supports, creating a supportive speech environment, developing individual training programs along with game motivation, etc., which help children develop communication skills in various situations of speech interaction.

This article reveals key points in the formation of two main types of communication: speech and sensory. The process of development of the communicative sphere is considered both in ontogenesis and in dysontogenesis - in autism spectrum disorders.

В статье охарактеризована проблема расстройств пищевого поведения, которая преследует человечество не первый век, а именно след РПП в истории, возможные причины возникновения заболеваний, их классификация и статистика распространённости и летальности. Автором были проанализированы научные данные по поисковому запросу «РПП» за 2016–2021 года в научных базах Elibrary, Cyberleninka. На сегодняшний день в прогрессивных странах данный вопрос стоит особенно остро. Такая проблема вживается в подсознание человека и управляет им, меняя его поведение, установки, цели деятельности и личность в целом.

The available published data indicate that antagonism towards D2 receptors of dopamine is a «necessary condition» in the process of effective treatment of schizophrenia, but at the same time, this antagonism is insufficient to achieve a state of complete remission. These data serve as a powerful stimulus for the process of searching new treatments and synthesizing new drugs. The current status of the theory of neural networks demonstrates to the professional community that in order to effectively change the functioning of basic biological systems, a number of subtle changes in the central nervous system are required, which are possible with the use of certain substances. The influence of modulation of glutamate on these processes is currently a very «popular» direction both in neurobiology and in clinical psychiatry. At the same time, the role of the latter in the pathogenesis of a number of mental disorders remains unproven. In parallel with this direction, the mechanisms of serotonergic and cholinergic effects on the main components of the pathogenesis of mental disorders are being studied and used in the development of new antipsychotic drugs. Most antipsychotic drugs which belong to «new wave» exhibit an affinity for different types of receptors, which mediate the effect on several therapeutic targets. In practice, a large number of patients take certain drugs not only as monotherapy, but often combine them with other drugs. At the same time, the effectiveness of such therapeutical regimens is low. Therefore, in most modern protocols, monotherapy is still recommended. In recent years, there has been a growing body of research on pharmacotherapy augmentation strategies. The results of these studies demonstrate that augmentation preparations belonging to different pharmacological classes can be generally effective, not only in certain diseases, but also in certain types of patients. In attempts to create a model of «rational polypharmacy», it is very important to accurately define and target the therapy to «problematic symptoms», and it is also necessary to develop an optimal withdrawal strategy from the active therapy regimen. To date, the only existing «lifeline» is Clozapine, which, despite its many disadvantages, remains an effective therapeutic agent for resistant forms of schizophrenic spectrum disorders. New methods of drug synthesis, including «individual drug affinity» analysis and strategies based on the study of gene polymorphism, look promising in the context of antipsychotic drug development. It is unlikely that there will be a «golden shot» for the schizophrenic spectrum disorders in the coming decades, both in terms of diagnostics and treatment. There is a hope that some of the strategies currently being developed (polypharmacy, augmentation), along with new antipsychotic drugs entering the pharmaceutical market, will ultimately become the «shot» that the professional community, patients and their families are looking forward to.

In the article, based on the analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature, the main causes of the disorder and the developmental characteristics of mothers and children with complex disorders at different stages of ontogenesis (infancy, early age and younger preschool age).

This review presents an analysis of the literature on studies of the salience neural network, the dynamics of neural network formation during ontogenesis of the brain, and salience dysregulation in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. The role of dopaminergic imbalance in the formation of aberrant salience in schizophrenia is considered. Particular attention is paid to the studies of the significance of motivational salience and reward system in the pathogenesis of addictive disorders.

The article provides the results of empirical research and experimentative work on the usage of sensorimotor games and exercises for the development of sound producing in children of senior preschool age with general speech underdevelopment of 3rd level.

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD), which usually develop at the age below 18, are considered as a sustainable antisocial and aggressive types of behavior, stepping beyond the borders of socially accepted standards. Within the recent decades, significant success has been achieved in the diagnosis and long-term predictive assessment of different types of behavioral aberrations, occurring during the childhood and adolescence. Early development of behavioral disorders forms unfavorable predictions and correlates with biological and social risk factors, such as attention deficit, impulse control disorder and unfavorable social environment. Most of the clinical observations confirm the effectiveness of different psychotherapeutic programs in the therapy of ODD/CD. The drug treatment is proposed to be used only in the severe cases, or in the cases when psychotherapeutic methods are not effective.

All components of anaesthesia have a direct or indirect depressing effect on the myocardium and functional activity of the brain. Given the initial failure of the coronary blood flow, life-threatening disorders of the heart are possible. The higher the severity of the underlying disease, the greater the risk of transient neurological deficit, stroke. Extended continuous monitoring of vital functions, careful assessment of the neurological status of the patient with special attention to the level of consciousness, the presence or absence of symptoms of increased ICP is necessary. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the beneficial effect of cardioprotectors Mexicor, Meldonium in the fight against ischemia in patients with CHD, GB in the department of surgical profile. The following methods have been used: review of literature, previously published research papers. Results: this article discusses the main drugs with cardioprotective properties, describes the positive experience of using them by specialists, and proves the effectiveness of using drugs in the long term.

Nightmares are scary or disturbing dreams which are associated with negative feelings, such as fear, terror or disgust. These feelings oftentimes awake the dreamer, who can easily recollect the content of the nightmare. Nightmares are not necessarily a symptom of a disease. Moreover, nightmares with little emotional response are experienced by almost all people once in a while without any risk for their health. However, nightmares that occur frequently and disturb the sleep might lead to clinically significant impairments in social, professional and other areas of life. They are considered a sleep disorder (parasomnia) and require a proper treatment. This review discusses the theoretical models of nightmares, their causes, diagnostics and treatment strategies.

Hervey Cleckley is one of the most influential psychiatrists of the 20th century. Part of his scientific research still causes debates in the scientific world, especially his works about «successful psychopaths» and the curability of psychopathy. Most of Cleckley’s scientific works in the field of the study of psychopathy are well known to most modern scholars, and some of his articles have become textbooks. At the same time, his works on dissociative personality are less known in the professional community. Through the time, his scientific achievements have not lost their relevance and scientific novelty.

The article is devoted to the one of acute problems of society, that is smartphone addiction, because in recent decades, «smart» devices become ingrained in everyday lives of almost every person. The sphere of interest of many scientific studies is the study of «high-tech» addictions. One of the particular forms of this type of addictive disorder is smartphone addiction. Currently, there is an expansive increase in the prevalence of smartphones on various hardware and software platforms. The authors of the article wonder whether smartphone addiction can be a form of behavioral addiction or it can be considered a part of the «problematic» use by healthy people? To solve this problem, this review examines the correlation relationship between substantive and behavioral addictions based on existing criteria for diagnosing addictive disorders, and also outlines the socio-cultural boundaries of smartphones use.

Currently, a lot of researches devoted to the study of the relationship between disorders of impulse control and addictive pathology are published. Attempts to isolate behavioral addictions into a separate group of addictive disorders make it necessary to assess impulsivity and impulse control disorders at different stages of formation, both behavioral and substance use addictions in a new way. This review is based on the results of research and analysis of existing models of addictive disorders, where the dominant position is given to impulsivity and impulse control disorders as predictors of addictive pathology. It contributes to most forms of aberrant management and other disorders included in the current classifications (DSM-V, ICD-10). In our opinion, many existing models of addictive pathology of impulsivity and impulse control disorders is given undeservedly little attention, which in the end leads to an incorrect assessment of substance and behavioral addictions. A model of development of addictive disorders is proposed, where the disorder of impulse control is given a decisive place in the question of «to be or not to be» addictive pathology.

Compulsive shopping, or compulsive buying disorders (CBD in English-language literature) is characterized by excessive, unnecessary spending, also known stereotypical «consumer behavior», which entails the development of various emotional disturbances and economic problems. The prevalence of disorder varies widely among countries and depends on socio-economic and cultural factors. Scattered data for Russia does not allow to reliably estimate the scale of the problem. Comorbidity of compulsive shopping is associated with various mental disorders: affective disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, and other pathology of impulse control. The generality of the pathogenetic mechanisms, the clinical picture, the treatment approaches makes it possible to attribute compulsive shopping to one of the variants of non-chemical dependence.

The article points out that the existence of the problem of double diagnoses (DD) in psychiatry and addictology means recognizing the fact that «addiction» is a mental illness and, therefore, a brain disorder. There are common areas in the brain that are responsible for the formation of addictive pathology and for the development of other mental illnesses. It explains the high comorbidity between disorders associated with the use of psychoactive substances, and other mental illnesses. The factors of predisposition to the development of addictive pathology include: family burden with addictive pathology, early onset of use of psychoactive substances, social stress situation, and mental illness. The artificial separation of psychiatry and addictology into two services in Russia is a historical mistake. A new paradigm of dependent disorders emphasizes the need to create a special section on double disorders, with the revision of this archaic model.

The article reveals the importance of breathing exercises for the formation of proper sound pronunciation in preschool children with speech pathology. Special games and exercises for the development of speech and physiological breathing are described, which can be used in the work of a speech therapist, a teacher and parents.

In this article we consider a schizoid type of character that has nothing to do with such a psychiatric disease as schizophrenia. There are various types of accentuations, a special place among all accentuations is schizoid. Schizoid can be unusual talented, and he can bring a lot of problems in teams, pulling on yourself, your ideas, concepts several normally operating workers. Communication with this type of people is quite difficult - to quickly establish trust with him is simply impossible.

In recent years, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has become not only a problem in the organization of the educational process, but it is also becoming a public problem, since children of school and preschool age hardly learn and retain information. The volume of information has increased many times. Our ability to work with it, translate into a practical plane, remains at the same level. The intensive development of information technologies in conjunction with the development of scientific progress leads to the need to improve the learning mechanism. Adaptive technologies of intellectual abilities development of a person take into account the natural interests of people of different age groups, allow to optimize intellectual processes, the recoding of information teaches a person to think. The better the brain encodes information, the better it remembers. The main characteristics of adaptive technologies for the development of a person's intellectual abilities through a single path – speed reading – are considered in the context of practical and applied recommendations that allow the learner to master various types of reading.

This article introduces Thematic Photobooks system as a mean of special children's' development. According to the ideas of L.S. Vygotsky and Activity Theory by A. Leontiev and S. Rubinstein, the development of a child’s intellectual activity highly depends on the presence of mediating agents in children’s interaction with the environment and highlights the presence of a social medium for children’s development. The process of creating Thematic Рhotobooks about a child and his/her life as a creative collaboration of an adult and a child serves as a mediating agent between a child and his surrounding. The benefits from photography and photo stories for the child's development is described. Creating Photobooks is a goal and a process at the same time. It helps a child to develop important life skills and acquiring knowledge. The structure, application and advantages of this system are presented along with a real life example of a special child as a case study.

One of the most common classes among new psychoactive substances are substituted cathinones. The most popular substances among consumers, representatives of this class, are mephedrone and methylone. In this review, the accumulated scientific data on clinical effects, side effects, mechanisms of action associated with the use of methylone and mephedrone are systematized. When writing the review, two representative databases were used to find the scientific sources of PubMed and Google Scholar. The authors also used data from the site Erowid Center (non-profit educational organization in the United States, which provides information on psychoactive plants and chemicals). The literature search was conducted between 2005 and 2015.

Microvascular disorders constitute one of the important mechanisms in the pathophysiology of burns. In case of thermal skin burns, especially dermal burns (IIIA degree), it is important to pay attention to the prevalence and the severity of the inflammatory reaction in the wound that may affect the viability of survived sebaceous and sweat glands, their epithelial cells can serve as a substrate for self-epithelialization of the skin. Local microvascular abnormalities in the damaged dermis are due to changes in the walls of blood vessels and the structure of the cellular elements of the blood, which form a clear correlation with secondary damage to the dermis.

The article deals with the results of research of frustration, happened to young schoolchildren with musculoskeletal disorders, their main ways to respond to difficult situations in life, their adaptation in society, the relations between anxiety and frustration, and the comparison of research findings between normal children frustration and frustration of children with musculoskeletal disorders.

The author of this article has studied the peculiarities of imagination of preschoolers and younger school children on the autism spectrum. The paper has shown the results of an experimental study with a group of children on the autism spectrum disorder and the conclusions on work accomplished.